HARRINGTON 

OLD  INDIAN 

GEOGRAPHICAL 

NAMES 


BANCROFT 


University  of  California  •  Berkeley 


OLD  INDIAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES  AROUND  SANTA 
FE,  NEW  MEXICO 


BY  J.  P.  HARRINGTON 


Reprinted  from  the  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  (N.  s.)  Vol.  22,  No.  4, 
October-December,  1920 


TKE 


[Reprinted  from  the  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST,  Vol.  22,  No.  4,  Oct.-Dec.,   1920.] 


OLD  INDIAN  GEOGRAPHICAL  NAMES  AROUND  SANTA 
FE,   NEW   MEXICO 

BY  J.   P.   HARRINGTON. 

0 

SEVERAL  years  ago  the  writer  undertook,  at  the  suggestion  of 
Dr.  Hewett,  to  collect  the  old  Indian  place  names  of  the  region 
about  Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico.     Several  hundred  names  of 
places  were  obtained  by  interviewing  Indian  and  Spanish-speaking 
inhabitants  and  many  of  the  localities  were  actually  visited  in  com 
pany  with  one  or  more  of  the  informants.1     The  present  paper 
discusses  in  concise  form  the  most  important  of  these  place  names. 
Besides  being  of  great  local  interest  to  the  people  of  New  Mexico, 
the  place  names  throw  certain  light  on  the  archaeology  of  the  region 
and  also  on  the  subject  of  primitive  geographical  nomenclature  in 

general. 

ABIQUIU  [3:36]. 

The  original  Tewa  designation  of  this  quaint  Mexican  town, 
which  lies  on  the  west  bank  of  the.Chama  river  eighteen  miles 
above  its  confluence  with  the  Rio  Grande,  is  Phesu'u,  literally 
"timber  point"  (phe,  stick  of  wood,  timber;  su'u,  point  of  land, 
projecting  point  of  hill  or  mesa,  horizontally  projecting  end  or 
point  of  any  long  object).  What  the  name  means  is  perfectly 
clear,  yet  why  it  was  originally  applied  no  Tewa  knows.  Either  a 
former  point  of  land  with  timber  on  it  or  a  single  projecting  stick  of 
timber  was  doubtless  the  originating  landmark.  The  early  Mexican 
colonists  promptly  corrupted  Phesu'u  into  Abiquiu,  the  pronuncia 
tion  of  which  does  not  differ  as  widely  from  the  Tewa  form  as 
Spanish  orthography  might  suggest.  The  present  town  stands 
almost  on  the  site  of  the  ancient  pueblo,  the  Indian  population  of 
which  gradually  became  Mexicanized  and  blended  with  the  Mexican 

1  The  results  are  published  in  the  writer's  paper  entitled  "  The  Ethnogeography  of 
the  Tewa  Indians,"  Twenty-ninth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology, 
Washington,  1916,  to  which  the  reference  numbers  in  brackets,  given  in  the  present 
paper,  refer. 

341 


342  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [N.  s.,  22,  1920 

settlers  and  with  a  considerable  number  of  Indian  captives,  mostly 
of  the  Hopi  tribe,  who  were  settled  there  by  the  Mexicans.  Because 
of  these  captives,  Abiquiu  has  long  been  known  also  by  a  second 
name  among  the  Tewa,  namely  Khoso'oni7-'on77win,  Hopi  town 
(Khoso'o11?;,  Hopi  Indian,  literature  a  nickname,  'big  leggings'; 
'onr/win,  pueblo). 

Tewa  traditions  still  tell  of  the  time  when  great  Indian  fiestas 
were  held  at  Abiquiu,  attended  by  people  from  far  and  near.  It 
was  only  a  generation  ago  that  the  panr?§are,  baile  de  los  cautivos 
(pan?7,  captive;  Sare,  dance)  was  discontinued  there.  This  dance 
was  given  out  of  doors  in  the  night  time  and  Tewa,  Mexican,  and 
Hopi  inhabitants  participated.  The  Abiquiu  of  today,  however,  is 
merely  a  quaint  old  Mexican  town  which  has  lost  both  its  Indian 
customs  and  Indian  speech. 

It  follows  from  the  descriptive  nature  of  the  nomenclature  of 
places  that  two  or  more  will  frequently  be  found  having  the  same 
name.  It  was  by  mere  chance  that  the  writer's  San  Ildefonso  infor 
mants  told  of  a  second  PhesVu,  a  locality  in  the  wild  mesa  lands 
south  of  San  Ildefonso.  This  southern  PhesVu  is  a  barren  mesa 
top,  seldom  visited  and  known  to  few  persons — a  mute  inglorious 
Hampton  as  compared  with  its  famous  namesake. 

Abiquiu  has  been  christened  in  Span.     Santo  Tomas  de  Abiquiu. 

ABIQUIU  MOUNTAIN  [2:10] 

This  is  the  pointed  peak  twelve  miles  southwest  of  Abiquiu, 
11,240  feet  high  according  to  Wheeler's  measurements.  A.  F. 
Bandelier  refers  to  it  as  "the  pyramid  of  the  extinct  volcano  of 
Abiquiu."1  The  Tewa  name  is  Sunp'in?7,  cicada  mountain  (sun, 
cicada;  p'inr/,  mountain). 

ACOMA  [29:118] 

The  universal  Keres  name  for  the  pueblo  is  Ak'o,  of  obscure 
etymology,  first  recorded  by  Father  Marcos  de  Niza  in  1539  as 
"Acus."2  The  form  Acoma  is  from  Keresan  Ak'omae,  Acoma 
people  (mse,  people). 

1  A.  F.  Bandelier,  Final  Report,  pt.  11,  p.  32,  1892. 
1  Niga  (1539)  in  Hakluyt,  Voy.,  vol.  in,  p.  440,  1600. 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND   SANTA   FE,   N.   M.  343 

ANCHO  CANYON  [17:62] 

Ancho  canyon  is  the  next  large  canyon  north  of  Frijoles  canyon, 
and  it,  and  not  Frijoles  canyon,  is  the  bean  canyon  of  the  Tewa,  the 
native  form  being  Tunavahu'u  (tu,  bean;  nava,  field;  hu'u,  canyon). 
For  the  Tewa  name  of  Frijoles  canyon  see  below. 

The  latter  part  of  this  name  happens  to  consist  of  the  combina 
tion  of  nouns,  navahu'u,  field  canyon,  which  probably  gave  rise 
to  the  tribal  name  Navajo.1  Nava  means  a  cultivated  field,  Span, 
siembra,  and  navahu'u,  is  applied  to  any  arroyo  or  canyon  where 
the  people  raise  crops.  There  are  many  such  arroyos  in  the  rugged 
Navajo  country,  and  it  is  likely  that  Navajo  is  a  corruption  of  this 
descriptive  Tewa  term.  The  Tewa,  however,  have  a  distinct  name 
for  the  Navajo,  namely  Wannsave,  Jemez  Apache  (Wanry,  Jemez 
Indian;  Save,  Apache).  The  association  of  the  Jemez  and  Navajo 

is  well  known. 

ARROYO  HONDO  [8:65] 

The  Arroyo  Hondo  near  Taos  is  known  to  the  Tewa  as  Kon- 
buts'i'i,  barranco  dell  canyon  (kon,  barranco;  bu'u,  dell;  ts'i'i, 
canyon).  The  Taos  have  for  it  a  less  patently  descriptive  name: 
P'ats'iyuhaaluna,  water  cicada  arroyo  (p'a,  water;  ts'iyu,  cicada; 

haaluna,  arroyo). 

BLACK  MESA  [18:19] 

The  great  mesa  of  black  basalt  which  stands  a  couple  of  miles 
north  of  San  Ildefonso  and  which  is  believed  by  the  Indians  to  have 
been  anciently  the  house  of  a  cannibal  giant,  is  called  in  Tewa 
Thun?7yo,  very  spotted  (thunry,  spotted;  yo,  augmentative).  The 
name  is  old  and  the  Indians  are  not  sure  why  it  was  given,  but  infor 
mants  have  suggested  that  it  was  probably  applied  because  of  the 
great  green  blotches  on  the  northern  precipices  of  the  mesa,  above 
the  giant's  cave.  It  is  by  this  cave  that  the  giant  used  to  enter  the 
interior  chambers  of  the  mesa  which  were  his  dwelling  place. 

BUCKMAN  MESA  [20:5] 

Just  as  Thun?7yo  stands  north  of  San  Ildefonso,  another  gigantic 
black  basalt  mesa  rears  itself  to  the  south  of  the  village  and  almost 

1  See  E.  L.  Hewett,  American  Anthropologist,  N.  s.,  vol.  vm,  p.  193,  1906. 
23 


344  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [x.  s.,  22,  1920 

equally  distant.  This  southern  rival  of  ThunTjyo  is  called  Suma, 
a  very  old  name  the  meaning  of  which  has  become  forgotten. 
It  is  because  of  its  situation  between  Thu^yo  and  Suma  that  the 
Navajo  have  dubbed  San  Ildefonso  picturesquely  Ts6  Tti  Kmne", 
houses  between  the  rocks.1 

CALLAMONGUE  [21:24] 

Callamongue  is  a  Mexican  hamlet  on  the  east  bank  of  Tesuque 
creek  between  Pojoaque  and  Tesuque.  The  old  Tewa  village 
ruin  of  K'uyemuge,  from  which  the  hamlet  takes  its  name,  lies 
half  a  mile  west,  across  the  creek.  The  ruin  is  on  a  mesa  top  and  its 
name,  which  means  'where  they  hurled  down  stones'  (k'u,  stone; 
yemu,  to  throw  pi.;  ge,  loc.),  gives  a  glimpse  of  some  defense  in  the 
long  forgotten  past. 

«  CANGILON  CREEK  [i  131] 

This  eastern  tributary  of  the  Chama  has  a  Tewa  name  equivalent 
in  meaning  to  the  Spanish:  paensenT?hu'u,  deer  horn  creek  (paen,  deer; 
se11?;,  horn;  hu'u,  arroyo).  In  this  and  numerous  similar  instances, 
in  which  Indian  and  Spanish  names  are  exact  equivalents  in  meaning 
we  have  no  means  of  determining  whether  the  name  was  started  by 
Spanish  or  Indian  speakers. 

CANOA  MESA  [13:1] 

San  Juan  also  has  its  great  black  basalt  mesa,  larger  and  higher 
than  Thunr7yo,  though  less  imposing.  This  great  block  of  basalt 
lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  north  of  the  confluence 
with  the  Chama,  and  has  its  lower  end  opposite  San  Juan  pueblo. 
To  Mexican  fancy  it  is  shaped  like  a  gigantic  canoe  and  is  known 
as  the  Mesa  de  la  Canoa.  The  Tewa  have  for  it  however  a  very 
matter-of-fact  name  as  compared  with  the  old  and  mystical  names 
Thun?7yo  and  Suma,  namely:  Tsinkwaye,  basalt  mesa  (tsin,  basalt; 

kwaye,  height). 

CAPULIN  (p.  116) 

Capulin,  meaning  in  Spanish  'chokecherry,'  has  its  Tewa  coun 
terpart:  'Ave'iwe,  chokecherry  place  ('ave,  chokecherry;  'iwe,  loc.). 
Here  again,  we  cannot  determine  which  was  the  original. 

1  Curtis,  American  Indian,  vol.  I,  p.  138,  1907. 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND  SANTA   FE,   N.   M.  345 

CERRO  DE  LOS  BURROS  [3:11] 

The  great  mountain  northwest  of  Abiquiu  and  across  the  Chama 
river  from  it,  is  called  in  Spanish  Cerro  de  los  Burros,  for  wild  burros 
were  formerly  abundant  there.  The  Tewa  name  on  the  other 
hand  tells  of  the  good  pinones  which  were  there  gathered :  T'omayop- 
'in?7,  good  pinon  mountain  (t'o,  pinon;  mayo,  excellent;  p'inr;, 

mountain). 

CHAMA  [5:7] 

The  writer  was  guided  by  San  Juan  Indians  to  the  old  pueblo 
ruin  of  Tsanman,  which  has  given  the  name  to  both  the  Chama  river 
and  to  Chamita  hamlet.  Tsanman  ruin  occupies  a  low  mesa  on  the 
eastern  bank  of  the  Chama  river,  a  mile  and  a  half  southeast  of 
the  mouth  of  El  Rito  creek  and  fully  ten  miles  northwest  of  its 
linguistic  offspring  Chamita.  The  name  is  said  to  mean  'where 
they  wrestled'  (tsanman,  to  have  wrestled).  Tsanman  must  once 
have  been  an  important  pueblo,  but  had  been  forgotten  until  it 
was  known  to  no  whites  and  to  but  few  Tewa,  although  its  name 
lived  on,  its  origin  quite  unknown,  generalized  to  cover  the  whole 
Chama  river,  and  again  in  specialized  Spanish  diminutive  form  as 
Chamita.  Father  Zarate-Salmeron  writes  Zama,1  the  other  early 
records  all  show  Chama.  Apparently  at  the  time  of  these  records 
the  name  had  already  become  extended  in  Spanish  to  apply  to  the 
whole  Chama  region  and  river. 

CHAMA  RIVER  (Large  Features  12] 

But  among  the  Tewa  Tsanman  is  applied  only  to  the  locality  of 
the  pueblo  ruin.  The  Chama  river  is  in  Tewa  P'op'inr;,  red  river 
(p'o,  water,  river;  p'in?7  for  p'i'i11^:  p'i,  red;  'in?7,  gender  postfix). 
The  Rio  Grande  is  frequently  red  for  miles  below  the  confluence 
because  of  the  water  discharged  by  the  Chama.  Bandelier  learned 
that  the  Chama  in  turn  gets  its  red  water  from  Coyote  creek  [i  129] : 
"The  branches  of  which  the  Chama  is  formed  are  the  Coyote  [i  129]  in 
the  west,  the  Gallinas  [i  124]  north  of  west,  and  the  Nutrias  [i  114] 
north.  It  is  said  that  the  waters  of  the  first  are  red,  those  of  the 
Gallinas  white,  and  those  of  the  Nutrias  limpid.  According  as  one 

1  Quoted  by  Bandelier,  Final  Report,  pt.  n,  p.  60,    1892. 


346  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [N.  s.,  22,  1920 

or  the  other  of  these  tributaries  rises,  the  waters  of  the  Chama 
assume  a  different  hue.1" 

The  Keres  language  is  especially  fond  of  naming  places  from 
cardinal  directions.  Among  the  Cochitenos,  the  Chama  is  Tyete- 
potSina,  northwest  river  (tyete,  north;  po,  west;  t§ina,  river). 

CHILI  [546] 

Chilf,  a  tiny  Mexican  settlement  on  the  west  side  of  the  Chama 
just  below  the  mouth  of  Ojo  Caliente  creek,  has  Tewa  and  Span, 
names  equally  obscure.  The  Tewa  name,  Tsip'apu,  appears  to 
contain  tsi'i,  flint,  and  pu,  buttocks.  Neither  Mexicans  nor  Tewa 
know  the  source  of  the  name  Chili. 

CHIMAYO  [22:18] 

The  famous  Chimay6  blankets  have  caused  the  name  Chimay6 
to  be  circulated  more  widely  than  perhaps  any  other  of  Tewa  origin. 
They  are  woven  by  Mexicans  at  Chimay6  hamlet  in  the  Canada  de 
Santa  Cruz.  The  Tewa  form  is  Tsimay6,  good  obsidian  (tsi'i, 
obsidian;  mayo,  excellent).  The  church  at  the  hamlet,  which  is, 
by  the  way,  famous  as  a  shrine,  stands  on  the  site  of  the  long  vanished 
pueblo  of  Tsimay6. 

CHIPIWI  [14:39] 

Chipiwi,  a  ruined  pueblo  southwest  of  Puye,  is  in  Tewa  Tsipi- 
wi'i,  gap  where  the  obsidian  comes  out  (of  the  ground)  (tsi'i, 
obsidian;  pi,  to  come  out;  wi'i,  gap). 

COCHITI  [28:77] 

The  native  Keres  name  is  K'ot'yiti,  obscure  in  meaning.  This 
the  Tewa  have  borrowed  and  folk-etymologized  into  K'ute'e,  stone 
kiva  (k'u,  stone;  te'e,  kiva),  although  of  course  there  is  no  stone  kiva 
at  Cochiti;  the  Jemez  into  Kyatage,  mountain-sheep  pueblo  (kya, 
mountain-sheep;  tage,  pueblo). 

CORRAL  DE  PIEDRA  [14:15] 

For  this  hamlet,  north  of  Espanola,  the  Tewa  and  Spanish  names 
mean  the  same:  Tewa  K'utepa'iwe,  stone  wall  place  (k'u,  stone; 
tepa,  wall;  'iwe,  loc.). 

1  Bandelier,  Final  Report,  pt.  n,  p.  55,  1892. 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND   SANTA   FE,   N.   M.  347 

CUNDAYO    [25:8] 

The  Tewa  pueblo  ruin  Kudiyo  (obscure:  yo  apparently  aug 
mentative)  lies  on  the  mesa  southwest  of  Cunday6  hamlet.  The 
locality  is  several  miles  northeast  of  Nambe. 

EL  RITO  [4:4] 

The  El  Rito  region  is  called  in  Tewa  P'i'annuge,  pink  below 
place  (p'i'an,  pink,  from  p'i,  red,  and  'an,  brown;  nu'u,  below;  ge, 
loc.),  referring  to  the  El  Rito  mountains,  p'i'anp'inr7,  pink  mountains 
(p'in77,  mountain). 

EMBUDO  [8:73] 

Embudo  town  and  canyon,  above  San  Juan,  are  named  by  the 
Tewa  Pore'iwe,  fishweir  place  (pore,  fishweir;  'iwe,  place).  Span. 
Embudo,  funnel,  is  a  descriptive  name  applied  to  the  canyon. 

ESPANOLA  [14:16] 

Espanola,  literally,  'Spanish  town,'  is  called  by  the  Tewa 
Butsanbi'i,  new  town  (bu'u,  plaza,  town;  tsanbi'i,  new  inan.). 

ESTACA  [10:4] 

Estaca  settlement  is  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rio  Grande,  at 
the  foot  of  Canoa  Mesa,  north  of  San  Juan.  The  Tewa  call  Estaca 
Nanmphonu'u,  below  where  the  holes  are  in  the  ground;  or  the  place 
below,  where  the  holes  are  in  the  ground  (nan?7,  earth;  pho,  hole; 
nu'u,  below). 

FRIJOLES  CANYON  [28:6] 

The  Rito  de  los  Frijoles  is  in  Tewa  Puqwige,  where  they  scraped 
or  wiped  the  bottoms  (possibly  of  the  pottery  vessels)  (pu,  buttocks, 
bottom;  qwi,  to  scrape,  to  wipe;  ge,  loc.).  The  Tewa  name  is 
difficult  to  analyse;  and  Tyu'onyi,  the  Cochiti  name,  does  not  yield 
at  all  to  analysis. 

GALISTEO  [29:39] 

Galisteo  pueblo  ruin  and  modern  town  are  the  Thanuge  par 
excellence  of  the  Tewa,  although  this  name  is  also  applied  to  the 
whole  region  south  of  Santa  Fe — the  old  Tano  country.  Thanuge 
means  live  down-country  place  (tha,  to  dwell;  nu'u,  below;  ge,  loc.). 


348  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [N.  s.,  22,  1920 

GALLINAS  [i  124] 

Tewa  Dip'o,  chicken  creek  (di,  chicken;  p'o,  water)  is  perhaps  a 
mere  translation  of  the  Span.  name.  Di  in  primitive  Tewa  meant 
turkey,  but  became  so  familiar  a  word  when  applied  to  the  introduced 
gallinas  of  the  Mexicans  that  turkey  is  now  designated  by  the 
compound  p'inndi,  mountain  turkey  (p'in?7,  mountain),  or  if  you  will, 
mountain  chicken.  Therefore  an  original  Tewa  place  name  dip'o 
would  have  become  in  Spanish  Los  Guajalotes,  not  Las  Gallinas. 

GAVILAN  [7:3] 

In  the  case  of  the  name  Gavilan,  a  Mexican  settlement  on  Ojo 
Caliente  creek,  however,  we  have  perhaps  a  clew  to  show  that  the 
Tewa  name  was.  The  original  Span,  gavilan  means  any  kind  of 
hawk;  the  Tewa  name  of  the  place,  t§ugaen'iwe,  means  place  of  a 
certain  species  of  hawk,  Falco  nisus  (t§ugaen,  Falco  nisus;-'iwe,  loc.), 
the  Tewa  having  no  general  term  for  hawk.  The  Spanish  name 
therefore  in  this  case  apparently  presupposes  the  more  definite  or 
peculiar  Tewa  name. 

GUACHE  [14:11] 

Guache,  a  Mexican  hamlet  north  of  Espaiiola,  is  called  in  Tewa 
manhunbu'u,  owl  dell  (manhun,  great  horned  owl;  bu'u,  dell). 
Guache  sounds  indeed  like  a  loan-word  from  the  Tewa  (cf.Guache- 
panque),  but  no  Tewa  counterpart  is  discoverable. 

GUACHEPANQUE   [14:20] 

Guachepanque,  a  Mexican  settlement  between  Espanola  and 
Santa  Clara,  is  in  Tewa  P'otsip'an>ange,  mud  string  place  (p'otsi, 
mud;  p'an>an,  string;  ge,  place).  Could  the  original  idea  have  been 
a  string  of  mudpuddles? 

GUAJE  CANYON  [16:53] 

This  Spanish  name,  which  means  gourd  canyon,  is  not  reflected 
in  Tewa.  To  the  Tewa  the  canyon  is  simply  ts'iso'o,  the  big  canyon 
(ts'i'i,  canyon;  so'o,  big). 

HOPI  VILLAGES  [Unmapped] 

Tusayan  is  called  by  the  Tewa:  Khoson'oVon77win,  Hopi  villages 
(Khoson>oni7,  Hopi  Indian,  lit.,  big  leggings:  kho,  leggings;  son'oni7, 
big  veg.\  'onT7win,  pueblo). 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND   SANTA   FE,   N.   M.  349 

ISLETA    [29:101] 

Tewa  Tsiqwevege,  kick  flint  place  (tsi'i,  flint;  qweve,  to  kick 
along;  ge,  loc.),  evidently  means  where  they  played  the  kicking-race 
(the  game  called  gome  in  Span.)  using  a  piece  of  obsidian.  The 
native  Isleta  name,  Siahwibak  is  doubtless  cognate. 

JACONA  [21:6] 

This  settlement  is  a  mile  west  of  Poquaque  and  its  name  is  a 
corruption  of  the  old  Tewa  name  of  the  locality:  Sakonnaen,  tobacco 
bank  place  (sa,  tobacco;  kon,  barranco;  nsen,  loc.).  Jacona  is  also 
a  sign-board  station  on  the  Denver  and  Rio  Grande  railway  between 
Santa  Fe  and  Buckman,  miles  to  the  south  of  the  real  Jacona. 

JEMEZ  [27:35] 

The  Tewa  have  a  special  name  for  Jemez,  namely  Wan?7ge, 
Jemez  Indian  place  (Wan?7,  Jemez  Indian,  unexplained;  ge,  loc.). 
The  Jemez  Indians'  own  name  for  the  pueblo  is  Henwa,  Henkwa 
or  Henyo,  according  as  various  locative  postfixes  are  used,  this  being 
derived  from  the  term  for  Jemez  person:  Hen,  pi.  Henmis.  It  is 
from  the  pi.  form,  meaning  Jemez  people,  that  Span.  Jemez,  Ker. 
Haemisi,  etc.,  are  derived.  It  is  possible  that  Jemez  Hen,  Jemez 
Indian,  is  cognate  with  Tewa  Wantj,  of  same  meaning. 

JEMEZ  MOUNTAINS  [Large  Features  :8] 

The  rather  inappropriately  named  Jemez  mountains,  the  range 
that  bounds  the  Tewa  country  on  the  west,  are  referred  to  in  Tewa 
merely  as  Tsanmpiye'i'1p'in77,  the  western  mountains  (tsanmpiye 
west;  'i'1,  gender  postfix;  p'in?7,  mountain). 

JICARILLA  MOUNTAIN  [22:9] 

Tewa  T'unmp'in?7,  basket  mountain  (t'unr/,  basket;  p'inr;,  moun 
tain).  The  peak  is  thought  to  resemble  an  inverted  basket;  hence 
both  Span,  and  Tewa  name. 

LA  CUEVA  [6:28] 

La  Cueva,  on  Ojo  Caliente  creek  above  Ojo  Caliente,  has  a 
Tewa  name,  Manhunwiri,  owl  point  (manhun,  owl;  wiri,  point), 
which  presupposes  or  is  derived  from  Manhunsennnaen  [6:6],  owl's 


35°  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [N.  s.,  22,  1920 

horns  (manhun,  owl;  sen7j,  horn;  naen,  loc.),  the  name  of  the  great 
mountain  east  of  La  Cueva.  The  mountain  has  two  peaks  re 
sembling  the  horns  of  manhun,  great  horned  owl. 

LA  JOYA  [9:5] 

The  locality  of  La  Joya,  at  the  confluence  of  Truchas  creek  with 
the  Rio  Grande,  the  Spanish  name  of  which  means  merely  'the 
dell,'  is  called  in  Tewa  Tsigubu'u,  chico  dell  (tsigu,  an  unidentified 
bush  sp. ;  bu'u,  dell).  The  bush  is  the  'chico'  of  the  local  Mexicans, 
a  name  which  is  probably  a  corruption  of  the  Tewa  name. 

LACUNA  [29:117] 

The  Tewa  have  a  merely  descriptive  term  meaning  the  same  as 
the  Spanish  name:  P'okwindiwe,  lake  place  (p'okwini,  lake;  'iwe.  loc). 
The  Keres  name,  K'awaik'a,  however,  does  not  yield  to  etymology. 

LAKE  PEAK  [22:54] 

Lake  Peak  of  the  Santa  Fe  range  including  its  lake,  which  is 
most  sacred  to  the  Tewa,  is  called  Agat§aenup'inT7  (obscure:  p'in?7, 
mountain).  This  peak  is  the  Tewa  sacred  mountain  of  the  east. 

LAMY  CANYON  [29:37] 

Lamy  and  the  canyon  above  Lamy,  up  which  the  Santa  Fe 
railroad  passes,  are  called  in  Tewa  Pinmp'oyehu'u,  heart  water 
meet  canyon  (pinr?,  heart;  p'o,  water;  ye,  to  meet;  hu'u,  arroyo, 
canyon).  The  exact  force  of  the  name  is  obscure. 

NAMBE  [23:5] 

Tewa  Nanmbe'e,  roundish  earth  (nanr?,  earth;  be'e,  roundish  and 
small),  was  probably  originally  applied  because  of  a  mound  of 
earth.  The  name  was  transferred  to  the  present  site  when  the 
village  was  moved  thither  from  old  Nanmbe'e  pueblo  ruin  [25:30], 
which  lies  in  the  mountains  several  miles  northeast  of  the  present 
Nambe. 

NAVAWf   [16:74]    [17:15] 

Tewa  Navawi'i  means  pitfall  gap  (nava,  pitfall;  wi'i,  gap). 
There  are  two  places  by  this  name,  [16:74]  and  [17:15],  both  situated 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND   SANTA    FE,    N.    M.  351 

in  the  Pajarito  plateau,  across  the  Rio  Grande  southwest  of  San 
Ildefonso.  These  pitfalls  were  bottle-shaped  excavations  in  the 
tufaceous  ground  made  in  narrow  gaps  or  on  trails  where  game  was 
wont  to  pass  and  deer  and  other  game  were  caught  in  them. 

Ojo  CALIENTE  [6:24] 

Tewa  P'osi-,  emerald-green  (absolute  form  of  the  adjective 
p'osiwi'1,  p'osiwin??)  is  the  old  name  of  Ojo  Caliente.  The  hotsprings 
cover  the  rock  with  an  emerald  green  stain;  hence  the  name.  The 
pueblo  ruin  at  Ojo  Caliente,  P'osi'on?7win,  emerald  green  pueblo 
('on?}win,  pueblo)  was  once  the  most  important  village  of  the  Tewa 
if  we  can  trust  Tewa  tradition,  and  it  is  said  that  at  that  pueblo 
P'oseyemu,  the  Tewa  culture  hero,  was  born  of  a  virgin,  grew  up 
and  at  last  revealed  himself  to  the  people.  The  old  pool,  over 
which  the  bathhouse  is  now  built,  was  a  most  sacred  place  to  the 
Tewa;  P'oseyemu  used  to  enter  or  emerge  from  that  pool  at  times; 
pools  and  lakelets  are  regarded  as  doorways  to  the  nether  world. 

Oso  CREEK  [5:35] 

The  Tewa  name  is  Pheserep'o,  shove  stick  creek  (phe,  stick  of 
wood;  sere,  to  shove;  p'o,  water).  Phesere  is  also  the  name  of  a 
pueblo  ruin  [5 137]  which  lies  on  the  southern  bank  of  the  creek  and 
it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  creek  takes  its  name  from  the  ruin. 

OTOWI  [16:105] 

One  of  the  largest  ruins  of  the  Pajarito  plateau  is  the  P'otsuwi'i 
of  the  Tewa,  gap  where  the  water  sinks  (p'o,  water;  tsu,  to  enter; 
wi'i,  gap).  That  the  ruin  lies  at  a  gap  or  pass  is  well  known;  it 
will  be  interesting  to  investigate  whether  a  stream  or  spring  ever 
sinks  into  the  ground  anywhere  at  the  locality  at  the  present  day 
and  age. 

PAINTED  CAVE  [25:31] 

The  great  painted  cave  of  the  Pajarito  plateau  with  its  ancient 
paintings  is  known  both  to  the  Tewa  and  the  Keres  by  purely 
descriptive  names:  Tewa  T'ovaqwatan'andin,  painted  cave  (t'- 
ovaqwa,  cave;  tan'an,  painted;  V,1  gender  postfix);  Coch.  Tsety- 
atetans-k'athetyama,  painted  cave  (tsetyatetans,  painted;  k'athety- 


352  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [N-.  s.,  22,  1920 

ama,  cave).  I  fear  that  both  these  terms  look  equally  frightful  to 
the  novice.  There  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that  the  Tewa  and 
Cochiti  forms  are  not  the  pristine  names  of  the  place,  despite  their 
simple  descriptive  meaning. 

PECOS  [29:33] 

Three  different  names  for  Pecos  are  found  in  the  Pueblo  lan 
guages. 

1.  The  native  Pecos  name  K'ak'ora,  where  the  stone  is  on  top 
(k'a,  stone;  k'o,  to  be  on  top;  ra,  loc.).     It  is  from  a  Tiwa  form 
cognate  with  this  Pecos  name  (see  Picuris  Hiuqua,  Isleta.  Hiokuo-, 
etc.,  quoted  under  [29:33];  Tiwa  hiu-  =  Pecos  k'a,  stone)   that 
Cicuye,  in  its  various  spellings,  is  derived. 

2.  Tewa  T§uni7ge,   place  of  an   unidentified   bush   sp.    (t§unr/, 
plant  sp. ;  ge,  loc.). 

3.  Jemez  P'akyula   (obscure:  p'a,  water).     Coch.   Pseyokhona 
(obscure).     It  is  apparently  from  the  Ker.  form  that  Span.  Pecos 
(a  pi.  form  used  in  the  sing.,  cf.  the  name  Taos)  is  derived. 

PEDERNAL  PEAK  [2:9] 

Although  Span.,  Tewa,  and  Cochiti,  names  all  mean  obsidian 
mountain,  informants  who  had  visited  the  mountain  volunteered 
that  obsidian  is  not  more  plentiful  there  than  at  other  mountains  of 
the  western  range.  The  Tewa  form  is  Tsip'inTj  (tsi'i,  obsidian; 
p'in7?,  mountain);  the  Cochiti  Hest'e'yanyik'othe  (he§t'e'yanyi, 
obsidian;  k'othe,  mountain).  The  peak  lies  south  of  Abiquiu  and 
its  truncated  cone  is  far  visible  and  a  prominent  landmark. 

PICURIS  [8:88] 

The  Tewa  and  Jemez,  forms  mean  mountain  gap,  mountain 
pass:  Tewa  P'inrjwi'i  (p'in7y,  mountain;  wi'i,  gap);  Jemez  P'ekwile- 
(p'e,  mountain;  kwile-,  pass).  From  some  such  form  as  the  Jemez 
comes  Span.  Picuris  (originally  a  Span.  pi.  form). 

PLACITA  LARGA  [14:12] 

The  Span,  name  means  'long  plaza.'  The  Tewa  'Owinheyi  or 
Buheyi  ('onwin,  town;  heyi,  long;  bu'u,  plaza,  town)  doubtless 
merely  follows  the  Spanish. 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND   SANTA   FE,   N.   M.  353 

POJOAQUE   [21:29] 

Span.  Pojoaque  is  for  Tewa  P'osun?7waenge,  drink  water  place 
(p'o,  water;  sunr?waen,  to  drink;  ge,  loc.).  This  once  populous 
Tewa  pueblo  is  now  practically  extinct. 

PUEBLITO   [13:15] 

Pueblito  is  a  small  Indian  suburb  of  San  Juan  on  the  west  side 
of  the  Rio  Grande.  It  is  known  to  the  Tewa  as  K'unycen'on77win, 
turquoise  pueblo  (k'unyaen,  turquoise;  'onrjwin,  pueblo),  a  name  which 
happens  to  be  applied  also  to  San  Marcos  pueblo  ruin,  south  of 
Santa  Fe  (see  below). 

PUEBLO  PEAK  [8:40] 

This  is  the  high  peak  east  of  Taos.  The  Taos  call  it  Man- 
qwalunan  (obscure),  which  the  Tewa  corrupt  into  Manqwolop'ini7 
(p'i11??,  mountain). 

PUYE  [14:46] 

The  old  Santa  Clara  Tewa  name  is  Puye,  apparently  meaning 
'where  the  cottontail  rabbits  assemble'  (pu,  cottontail  rabbit;  ye, 
to  meet,  to  assemble). 

Rio  GRANDE  [Large  Features  13] 

Most  of  the  Pueblo  names  for  the  Rio  Grande  mean  'big  river,' 
just  as  the  Span,  name  does,  but  this  does  not  preclude  their  being 
ancient  names.  Thus  Tewa  P'osoge  (p'o,  water;  so'o,  big;  ge,  loc.) ; 
Jemez  Hannyap'akwa  (hannya,  big;  p'a,  water;  kwa,  loc.).  The 
Cochiti  however  call  it  merely  Tsina,  the  river  (tsina,  river). 

SAN  FELIPE  [29:69] 

The  Tewa  name  of  San  Felipe  is  Nanr?kwaenrige,  sticky  earth 
place  (nanr7,  earth;  kwaeri,  sticky;  ge,  loc.);  the  Jemez  Kwilegi'i, 
apparently  'gap  place'  (kwile,  gap;  gi'i,  loc.).  The  Keres  has  an 
unanalysable  name:  Katst7a. 

SAN  GABRIEL  [13:27] 

This  old  pueblo  ruin,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Rio  Grande  oppo 
site  San  Juan,  has  the  Tewa  name  Yunr/ge,  apparently  meaning 


354  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [N.  s.,  22.  1920 

'mockingbird    place'    (yunri,   mockingbird;   ge,    loc.).     Bandelier's 
"  Yuge-uingge  MI  is  for  Yun?7ge'on77winge  ('onijwin,  pueblo;  ge,  loc.). 

SAN  ILDEFONSO  [19:22] 

The  Tewa  name  is  P'oqwoge,  where  the  water  cut  through  (p'o, 
water;  qwo,  to  cut  through;  ge,  loc.).  But  where  it  cut  through  or 
under  what  circumstances  can  never  be  recovered  from  the  long 
forgotten  past.  Jemez  P'as'ugi'i  (gi'i,  loc.)  and  Coch.  P'akhwete 
are  clearly  forms  of  the  same  name. 

SAN  JUAN  [u  :  San  Juan  Pueblo] 

San  Juan  is  known  to  the  Tewa  as  'Oke.  The  meaning  is  un 
known,  but  there  is  nothing  in  the  phonetics  of  the  word  to  prevent 
it  meaning  hard  metate  ('o,  metate;  ke,  hard).  The  present  'Oke 
is  the  third  site  by  that  name.  Old  'Oke  [10:26]  is  a  mile  northwest 
of  the  present  village.  The  legend  goes  that  an  Indian  of  'Oke, 
while  taking  a  twelve  day  ceremonial  fast,  became  so  crazed  for  water 
that  he  broke  from  his  confinement,  and  rushing  to  a  swamp  near 
the  river  drank  until  he  burst.  The  water  from  his  body  flooded 
the  pueblo  and  destroyed  it.  The  inhabitants  fled  and  founded  a 
second  'Oke  at  [11:17],  m  tne  lowlands  just  north  of  the  present 
pueblo.  From  there  the  pueblo  gradually  shifted  to  the  high 
ground  where  it  now  stands. 

SAN  MARCOS  [29:  unlocated] 

This  old  pueblo  ruin  of  the  Tano  tribe,  south  of  Santa  Fe,  the 
Tewa  call  K'unyaen'onr]win,  turquoise  pueblo.  Pueblito  has  this 

same  name;  see  above. 

SANDIA  [29:100] 

The  Sandia  name  is  NanFina0  (6,  loc.),  the  Cochiti  name  Wa§etsae 
(-tsae,  loc.) ;  both  these  names  are  obscure. 

SANDIA  MOUNTAIN  [29:83] 

This  mountain  is  perhaps  the  most  prominent  geographical 
feature  of  central  New  Mexico.  It  is  mentioned  in  Pueblo  myth 
ology  and  is  the  sacred  mountain  of  the  south  of  the  Tewa,  who  call 

1  Bandelier,  Final  Report,  pt.  n,  p.  48  et  passim,  1892. 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES   AROUND   SANTA    FE,    N.    M,  355 

it    'Okup'ini7,    turtle    mountain    ('oku,    turtle;    p'in?7,    mountain). 
Jemez  Kiutawe  and  Cochiti  Tsepe  are  obscure. 

SANTA  ANA  [29:95] 

The  Tewa  name,  Sarege,  means  dancing  place  (sare,  to  dance; 
ge,  loc.).  Jemez  Tundagi'i  and  Keres  Tamaya  are  obscure. 

SANTA  CLARA  [14:71] 

The  Tewa  name,  Khap'o,  is  obscure  in  meaning  (kha,  corral, 
heavy,  rose,  spherical;  p'o,  water,  trail).  Some  Indians  have 
suggested  pretty  folk-etymologies  by  arbitrarily  preferring  certain 
meanings  for  kha  and  p'o.  Jemez  Syap'agi'i  is  evidently  the  same 
word  as  Khap'o  plus  the  Jemez  loc.  gi'i.  Keres  shows  the  form 
Kaip'a. 

SANTA  CLARA  PEAK  [2:13] 

This  loftiest  peak  of  the  Jemez  range,  11,260  feet  high,  lies  west 
of  Santa  Clara  pueblo  and  has  been  called  Santa  Clara  peak. 
It  is  the  sacred  mountain  of  the  west  of  the  Tewa,  the  sacred  moun 
tain  of  the  east  of  the  Navajo.  The  Tewa  name,  Tsiku'mup'inr7, 
almost  surely  means  'obsidian-covered  mountain,'  i.e.,  'mountain 
that  is  covered  with  pieces  of  obsidian'  (tsi'i,  obsidian;  ku'mu,  to 
be  covered;  p'in7/,  mountain). 

SANTA  CRUZ  [15:19] 

Santa  Cruz  is  called  in  Tewa,  evidently  because  of  the  much 
mentioned  Canada  de  Santa  Cruz,  Kanyaenra'inmbu'u,  Canada 
town  (kanyaenra,  Canada,  from  the  Span.;  'in?7,  gender  postfix; 
bu'u,  town). 

SANTA  FE  [29:5] 

The  general  Tewa  name  for  the  city,  also  the  creek  and  whole 
locality  of  Santa  Fe,  is  'Ogap'oge,  olivella  water  place  ('oga,  olivella 
shell;  p'o,  water;  ge,  loc.).  The  Tewa  knew  the  olivella  in  ancient 
times  and  prized  it  for  making  shell-money;  the  shells  came  from 
the  far  distant  Gulf  of  California  and  the  California  coast,  being 
bartered  from  tribe  to  tribe  until  they  reached  the  Tewa,  more 
than  a  thousand  miles  inland.  San  Juan  Tewa  shows  a  variant  form 


AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [x.  s.,  22,  1920 

of  the  name:  Kwa'ap'oge,  bead  water  place  (kwa'a,  any  bead), 
a  name  which  has  practically  the  same  meaning  as  the  name  current 
at  the  other  Tewa  pueblos.  Cochiti  Keres  with  characteristic 
fondness  for  directional  naming  disposes  of  Santa  Fe  as  Hasok'o, 
east  corner  (ha,  east;  §ok'o,  corner,  dell). 

SANTA  FE  BALDY  [22:53] 

This  is  the  Povip'ini7,  flower  mountain,  of  the  Tewa  (povi, 
flower;  p'inr/,  mountain).  Santa  Fe  Baldy  is  one  of  the  numerous 
Cerros  Pelados,  bald  mountains,  of  New  Mexican  Spanish 
nomenclature.  Its  high  and  bald  peak  is  conspicuous  in  the  Santa 
Fe  range. 

SANTA  FE  MOUNTAINS  [Large  Features  :i] 

The  Santa  Fe  mountains  are  the  Thanmpiye'i'1p'inr7,  'eastern 
mountains'  of  the  Tewa  (thanmpiye,  east;  V1,  gender  postfix; 
p'ini7,  mountain). 

SANTO  DOMINGO  [28:109] 

The  old  Keres  name  occurs  in  Cochiti  as  Tye'wa,  in  S.  Dom.  as 
Kye'wa  and  is  obscure  in  etymology.  It  has  been  borrowed  by 
Tewa  as  Tewige,  by  Jemez  as  Tawigi'i  (ge,  gi'i,  loc.). 

SIA  [29:94] 

Tewa  has  a  descriptive  term,  'Okuwarege,  scattered  hills  place 
('oku,  hill;  ware,  to  be  scattered;  ge,  loc.).  The  old  and  obscure 
Keres  form  is  Tse'ya,  whence  Jemez  Sa'yakwa  (kwa,  loc.). 

STONE  LIONS  SHRINE  [28:27] 

Tewa,  Jemez,  and  Cochiti  names  are  purely  descriptive;  there 
is  no  reason  to  suppose,  however,  that  they  are  not  the  ancient 
designations. 

1.  Tewa  Khaenda'aenndiwe,  where  the  two  mountain-lions  sit 
(khae11?;,  mountain-lion;  ra-,  they  two;  'ae11??,  to  sit;  'iwe,  loc.). 

2.  Jemez  Syatyesinlenun,  where  the   mountain-lions  sit  (§yatye, 
mountain-lion;  §inle,  to  sit;  nun,  loc.). 

3.  Cochiti  Mok'atak'owetae,  where  the  two  mountain-lions  lie 
(mok'ata,  mountain-lion;  k'owe,  to  lie;  tse,  loc.). 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND   SANTA    FE,    N.   M.  357 

TAGS  [8:45] 

The  Taos  name  for  Taos  is  Taa-,  whence  doubtless  Span.  Taos 
(originally  a  pi.  form)  and  Tewa  Thawi'i,  folk-etymologized  to 
sound  as  if  it  meant  'gap  or  pass  where  they  live'  (tha,  to  dwell; 
wi'i,  gap).  Taos  Taa-  belongs  to  a  family  of  words  which  appear 
in  the  various  Tanoan  languages  with  the  meanings  to  dwell,  house, 
pueblo. 

A  second  Taos  name  for  Taos  is  Talaphai-,  red-willow  trees 
('ia,  willow;  la,  wood,  tree;  phai,  red).  This  has  a  counterpart  in 
the  Jem.  name  for  Taos:  Yu'la-. 

The  Cochiti  Keres  language  again  characteristically  disposes 
of  Taos  as  Tyetysok'otsae,  north  corner  place  (tyety,  north;  sok'o, 
corner,  dell;  tsae,  loc.). 

TSIREGE  [17:34] 

The  name  of  this  pueblo  ruin,  which  has  given  the  name  to  the 
Pajarito  plateau,  is  in  Tewa  Tsirege,  bird  place  (tsire,  any  bird; 
ge,  loc.).  Cochiti  Wastet-,  bird,  and  Span.  El  Pajarito,  have 
equivalent  meaning. 

TESUQUE  [26:8] 

Tesuque  is  from  Tewa  T'athunr?ge,  dry  spotted  place  (t'a,  dry; 
thu11??,  spotted;  ge,  loc.). 

TIERRA  AMARILLA  [i  112] 

A  little  northeast  of  Tierra  Amarilla  town  is  a  deposit  of  yellow 
earth  which  was  known  to  the  ancient  Tewa  and  was  used  by  them 
for  yellowing  the  interior  walls  of  houses.  This  earth  is  called  in 
Tewa  nannts'eyin  (na'nrj,  earth;  ts'eyi'1,  ts'eyi11?;,  yellow)  and  gives 
the  name  to  the  town  and  region:  Nannts'eyiwe  ('iwe,  loc.). 

TIERRA  AZUL  [3:26] 

The  Tewa  call  Tierra  Azul  settlement,  which  lies  on  the  south 
side  of  the  Chama  below  Abiquiu,  NanntsanT7waenbu'u,  blue  earth 
dell  or  town  (na.nr),  earth;  tsanr/W3en,  blue;  bu'u,  dell,  also  plaza, 
town).  The  ground  is  bluish  or  rather  grayish  in  the  locality. 
The  Tewa  name  is  probably  old. 


358  AMERICAN  ANTHROPOLOGIST  [N.  s.,  22,  1920 

TRES  PIEDRAS  [8:12] 

This  town,  which  lies  west  of  the  Rio  Grande  and  northwest  of 
Taos,  is  called  in  Taos  and  Tewa  'mountain-sheep  rocks':  Taos 
Kuwahiuna  (kuwa,  mountain-sheep;  hiuna,  stone,  rock);  Tewa 
Kuwak'u  (kuwa,  mountain-sheep;  k'u,  stone,  rock). 

TRUCK  AS  CREEK  [9:9] 

Truchas  creek,  eastern  tributary  of  the  Rio  Grande,  is  called 
in  Tewa:  'Omsenr;ge'inr7hu'u  (obscure:  'in?7,  gender  postfix;  hu'u, 
arroyo) . 

TRUCHAS  PEAK  [22:13] 

Truchas  peak  of  the  Santa  Fe  range  is  the  Tewa  K'usenmp'inT7, 
rock  horn  mountain  (k'u,  stone;  sen7j,  horn;  p'inr/,  mountain). 
It  is  curious  that  Bandelier,  knowing  nothing  of  the  Tewa  name  of 
Truchas  peak  or  its  meaning,  writes:  "The  summit  of  the  Truchas 
is  divided  into  sharp-pointed  peaks,  recalling  the  'Horner  Stocke' 
or 'Dents 'of  the  Alps."1 

TSANKAWI  [i6:y4] 

Tewa  Saenk'ewi'i,  sharp  cactus  gap  (ssen,  opuntia,  leaf-cactus; 
k'e,  sharp;  wi'i,  gap)  is  the  name  of  the  pueblo  ruin  and  the  gap 
where  it  stands.  Ssenk'ewi'i  is  in  the  Pajarito  Plateau. 

TSAWARI  [15:24] 

Tewa  Ts'aenwari,  white  wide  gap  (ts'sen,  white;  wori,  wide  gap) 
is  a  place  in  the  Canada  de  Santa  Cruz  four  miles  above  its  mouth. 
A  broad  stratum  or  belt  of  soft  whitish  rock  crosses  the  Canada 
there.  On  the  mesa  on  the  south  side  of  the  Canada  lies 
the  pueblo  ruin,  and  the  Mexican  hamlet  of  Puebla  adjoins  the 
ruin  on  the  west.  This  ruin  was  a  village  of  the  Tano  Indians. 
It  was  built  by  them  after  they  left  their  ancient  home  in  the 
Galisteo  region,  and  was  abandoned  in  1696  when  they  migrated 
to  the  Hopi  country.  The  Tewa  have  heard  that  the  people  of 
Ts'aenwari  fled  to  the  Hopi  to  escape  from  the  tyranny  of  the  Mexi 
cans  and  to  help  the  Hopi  fight  the  Navajo  and  the  Mexicans. 

1  Bandelier,  Final  Report,  pt.  ir,  p.  35,  1892. 


HARRINGTON]         INDIAN  NAMES  AROUND   SANTA   FE,   N.   M.  359 

When  the  people  left  Ts'senwari  they  buried  a  large  storage-jar, 
Span,  tinajon,  filled  with  blue  turquoise,  red  coral  and  other  beautiful 
possessions  somewhere  near  the  pueblo.  What  the  jar  contains  is 
very  valuable;  many  have  dug  for  it  but  no  one  has  found  it. 

TURQUOISE  MINES  [29:55] 

The  famous  Turquoise  mines  south  of  Santa  Fe  are  called  in 
Tewa  K'unyaen'iwe,  turquoise  place  (k'unyaen,  turquoise  ;-'iwe,  loc.). 
Turquoise  was  dug  there  in  pre-Columbian  times  by  Tewa  and 
Keres  Indians. 

ZUNI  [Unmapped] 

Tewa  Sunyi-  and  Jem.  Sanigi'i  (gi'i,  loc.)  are  perhaps  from  Ker. 
Sunyi.  It  is  likely  that  Span.  Zuni  also  is  from  the  Keres. 

BUREAU  OF  AMERICAN  ETHNOLOGY, 
WASHINGTON,  D.  C, 


